What Is a Bear Market in Crypto? How to Survive and Profit

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Bear markets refer to prolonged periods of falling asset prices. However, a crypto bear market differs from a traditional bear market in that it’s not marked by a specific percentage decline. Crypto’s volatility makes 20% moves up or down – bull or bear market indicators in traditional markets – fairly commonplace. Instead, crypto bear markets reflect failing confidence along with falling prices over a period of months.

While bear markets in crypto cause traders to lose hope and sell, selling pressure can create long-term opportunities to buy at discounted prices. In prolonged downturns, it may even make sense to short-sell specific cryptocurrencies to profit on the way down. In this guide, we’ll answer the question, “What is a bear market in crypto?” We’ll also examine ways to navigate downturns and turn inevitable dips into opportunities.

Key Takeaways

  • A crypto bear market represents a prolonged downturn accompanied by a general pessimism about the market’s long-term prospects.
  • Bear markets in crypto tend to last a year or longer, with a cautious initial recovery once reaching the lows.
  • Major assets like Bitcoin can lose 85% of their value during bear markets.
  • Recovery from crypto bear markets can lead to gains of several hundred percent.
  • Emotional trading can lead to unnecessary losses.

Bull vs. Bear Markets in Crypto


The definition of a bull or bear market in crypto varies. Some still define a bear market as sustained price drops of 20% over time. This metric parallels the bear market definition for traditional assets like stock market indices. Similarly, bull markets are generally defined as a 20% rise in a leading market index, such as the S&P 500, within a two-month period.

However, many traders in crypto markets view bear markets more generally as a sustained downturn lasting several months. Pullbacks of 20% or more occur more commonly in cryptocurrency markets, making a percentage-based metric less meaningful. The most simple explanation is that a bull market is a rising market and a bear market is a declining one, but the context in which this occurs matters.

Terms like bull market, bear market, and other popular cryptocurrency terms often take a nuanced meaning in a crypto context.

Crypto also sees more meaningful pullbacks compared to stocks. After reaching a high of more than $69,000 in late 2021, Bitcoin’s price fell below $16,000 over the following year. A fall of that magnitude in a major stock index would cause a worldwide financial crisis. By contrast, Bitcoin bounced back to reach new all-time highs in 2024. More volatile cryptos can see wider price swings compared to market leaders like Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Bull Market Bear Market
  • 20% rise off the bottom over a sustained period of months
  • Marked by market optimism
  • Charts quickly recover from dips
  • 20% or more decrease in value versus recent highs over a sustained period
  • Market pessimism reigns
  • Selling leads to more selling

Although the definitions of bull and bear markets are direct opposites, they share a commonality: when prices reach a peak or bottom, price direction can change swiftly. However, bear markets often show more volatility compared to optimism-fueled bull markets. This creates more risk but also brings more opportunities for technical traders or long-term investors who are building a position.

The chart below shows the 2021 crypto bull market (bull run) in Bitcoin yielding to a bear market as BTC sold off from its euphoric highs in late 2021. The selloff continued for a year before BTC began its recovery.

btc bull market bear market

Why Do Crypto Bear Markets Happen?


World events and correlation to other assets affect crypto markets. However, like other sectors or popular stock indexes, crypto assets also have market cycles. In traditional markets, the four phases include accumulation, uptrends, distribution, and downtrends, returning to accumulation after downtrends. However, crypto’s volatility and relatively low market capitalization can shorten the accumulation and distribution phases.

  • Accumulation: On a chart, this may look like choppiness, perhaps with a slight slant up and to the right. Traders are buying slowly as others sell into the uncertainty.
  • Distribution: Distribution refers to the first stages of selling, again appearing as indecision on a chart with up and down movements within a range. Traders anticipating a coming downtrend sell to those who expect a price recovery.

Uptrends and downtrends don’t necessarily indicate bull markets or bear markets. Absent a prolonged trend accompanied by market exuberance or despair, they may simply indicate a short-term trend.

However, the potential triggers for bull and bear markets cover a wide range. For example, crypto markets are particularly vulnerable to leverage-based reversals. Additionally, crypto markets see downturns due to lower liquidity, regulatory changes, and macroeconomic factors.

Leverage

Many leading crypto exchanges offer leverage trading, which involves borrowing against collateral to make larger trades. The chart below shows BTC trades and liquidation prices for three major exchanges. Liquidation occurs when the position no longer has enough collateral to back the trade, and the exchange sells the collateral. This can trigger cascades of additional selling, liquidating more positions.

bitcoin exchange leverage map

Cumulative long liquidation leverage for Bitcoin approaches $3 billion if Bitcoin falls about $8,000 from the current price. If these trades were liquidated in a crash, the forced selling of collateral would steepen the decline and likely create panic selling. Although leverage is used in traditional markets as well, crypto offers higher leverage limits, sometimes as high as 125x, and sees more common use of leverage trading.

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to a willing market of buyers and sellers, allowing efficient trading. During downtrends or a crypto bear market, buyers may be few and far between. Due to fewer buy orders, market orders may see more slippage, forcing the price down further as the sell orders fill. The falling price creates additional bearishness and fear in the market.

Crypto markets generally have less liquidity than stocks. Bitcoin, which makes up more than half of the crypto market’s capitalization, still pales in comparison to the S&P 500’s valuation. Bitcoin’s market capitalization is $1.3 trillion, compared to more than $45 trillion for the S&P index. Higher valuation typically brings more liquidity and better trading efficiency.

Regulation and Enforcement

Several enforcement actions have affected crypto markets, causing pullbacks for specific tokens rather than a broader bear market. For example, the SEC announced a lawsuit against Ripple Labs on December 22, 2020. The announcement caused a selloff for XRP, although the token soon recovered from its lows. Still, the ongoing legal battle suppressed the price of XRP and also caused several exchanges to stop supporting the token.

xrp chart lawsuit announcement

By January, several large exchanges, including Coinbase, suspended trading for XRP.

Macro Events

As a risk asset, crypto is particularly susceptible to macro events. When economic or market uncertainty arises, risk assets typically see a selloff first. The chart below shows several points in 2024 at which BTC began to dip before the S&P 500 index. The most pronounced of these correlated sell-offs occurred in late July to early August.

btc sp500 chart

In short-term trading, crypto whales can also cause sell-offs. Whales refer to people or entities that control a significant position and that can manipulate markets with buys or sells. One common method of manipulation used to suppress prices is called a sell wall, which refers to a large group of sell orders on an exchange that effectively caps the price.

What Happens in the Crypto Bear Market?


A crypto bear market comes with several key characteristics, including falling prices, lower trading volume, and investor panic. These elements often feed off each other to exacerbate selling and general low market confidence and even despair. Falling prices on lower trading volume can force prices lower much faster because there’s little buying interest to cushion the fall. Sharp drops in the chart often cause more selling as crypto investors panic, resulting in a downward spiral.

Crypto market trends may also determine what’s hot and what’s not, meaning specific sectors may experience bull or bear markets that diverge from the market as a whole. As capital rotates to new sectors, previously bullish sectors can turn bearish.

Whether sector-specific or broad-market, bear markets take an emotional toll on both retail and institutional investors. While prudent investment strategies use data and indicators to make trading decisions, investor confidence, fear, and greed remain primary drivers in market direction. Contrarian investors sometimes use tools like the Fear and Greed Index to gauge market sentiment.

How Long Does a Bear Market Last in Crypto?


Crypto bear markets can last a year or longer. The crypto bear markets of 2018 and 2022 each lasted more than a year, with retracements as large as 85% from the highs for top cryptocurrencies like BTC.

bitcoin bear markets

When crypto is down as a whole, weakness in the Bitcoin market often starts the downward trend. However, a weak Bitcoin market can arise from several potential causes, including economic uncertainty leading to the paring of risk assets.

Several factors may also affect the duration of crypto bear markets, including market maturity, global economic conditions, and crypto regulations that affect trading liquidity.

Market Maturity

As a relatively new asset class, crypto can experience longer and wider market swings. The Bitcoin network launched in 2009, and the first crypto exchange went live in 2010. By 2011, Coinbase and Kraken launched, but these exchanges were much smaller at launch, meaning that Bitcoin had little liquidity to sustain a healthy trading market.

Even today, with much of the supply controlled by crypto whales and now ETFs, liquidity for crypto markets is much lower than traditional trading markets. The lower liquidity that accompanies a speculative asset can cause longer and more pronounced downturns.

Global Economic Conditions

All worldwide asset classes fluctuate in value due to global economic conditions. Local economic conditions might affect real estate prices in that region, for example, but worldwide assets reflect the global economy as well as demand for the asset. During periods of economic uncertainty, risk assets like cryptocurrencies are often the first to see a selloff.

Weak economic data in August 2024 led to risk-off selling in August 2024. A stock market selloff followed. The selloff in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies then led to forced deleveraging as margin positions were liquidated en masse.

Regulations

Crypto regulations and enforcement actions can also affect markets. The collapse of the FTX exchange led to a government seizure of the exchange’s assets. The Bitcoin and crypto market fell dramatically on the news, sending Bitcoin to its lowest of the cycle.

ftx selloff btc

In late September 2021, The People’s Bank of China announced a ban on all crypto transactions. Although the news caused a dip in crypto prices, BTC went on to reach an all-time high a month later. However, the defiant rally proved short-lived. In late November, BTC tumbled, eventually losing 85% of its value over the course of a year.

Can You Make Money in a Crypto Bear Market?


The added volatility of a bear market creates more trading opportunities for short-term profits or even short-selling. While bull markets offer profits almost regardless of entry price, bear markets require nimble timing or solid picks that may thrive during sustained market downturns. Crypto winter tokens often include more speculative plays with enhanced volatility and additional trading opportunities.

Profitable Crypto Bear Market Strategies


Several time-tested strategies, including short-selling, buying the dip, and dollar-cost averaging, can help traders survive a crypto bear market. However, it’s important to balance these strategies with risk management. Decisions regarding how much to invest in cryptocurrency directly affect how much you can make or lose. Let’s explore some profitable strategies that can boost profits in a crypto bear market.

Buying the Dip

Finding a crypto to buy on the dip can help you generate additional profits while waiting for the broader market to recover. Again, while many bear market plays are more volatile, you can also use downturns to buy more popular assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana at a lower price. These three digital assets offered incredible earning opportunities for traders who bought at the 2022 lows and held until late 2024 when the market recovered. For example, Solana fell below $10 in 2022 but reached nearly $200 by early 2024.

solana price chart

Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)

Dollar-cost averaging refers to buying a fixed dollar amount at a fixed interval. This strategy is particularly effective during crypto bear markets because it reduces the effect of volatility. In effect, you’re buying more of a particular cryptocurrency when prices are lower and less when prices are higher. By contrast, buying the dip makes the assumption that the price won’t dip even further. DCA lets you buy a greater amount if prices move further south.

The process can also be automated using DCA crypto bots, which are available through exchanges or third-party providers.

In early April 2022, SOL’s value increased to more than $136. By the end of the month, SOL fell to $85, a seemingly low price. However, the price continued to fall, eventually reaching a bottom below $10.

A DCA strategy would buy a fixed dollar amount, with each of these purchases at or below $85, becoming profitable by December 2023, when SOL surged to $121. By March 2024, SOL reached $194, more than doubling the profit of the highest-priced purchases and more than 19 times SOL’s value at the lows.

Short Selling

If you’re confident prices will continue a downward trend, you can also short-sell cryptocurrencies. Many popular exchanges like Binance support this type of trade. To short Bitcoin, for example, you would first borrow Bitcoin from the exchange and create a sell order. This all happens in one step. When the price reaches your target, you buy Bitcoin to cover your short position and repay the exchange.

Short-selling is best reserved for advanced traders who understand the risks. One downside is that your potential losses are unlimited. The price direction can change to the upside, eating away at your profit and possibly requiring more collateral to keep the trade open. In most cases, however, the exchange will simply liquidate a position that has insufficient margin, limiting your loss to the amount of collateral. Stop-loss orders can also help reduce risk if the trade goes against you.

Short-selling allows you to profit from a price decline and can be particularly effective in crypto bear markets where buying pressure is scarce.

Staking and Earning Interest

Another strategy to survive bear markets in crypto centers on staking and yield opportunities. Staking refers to locking tokens in a smart contract to earn interest, typically paid in the same cryptocurrency. However, staking can have several types of implementations.

The most common of these is proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols like Ethereum or Solana. In this type of staking, you’re providing crypto to help secure a PoS blockchain. Your crypto acts as collateral to ensure validators follow protocol when validating transactions. In exchange, you earn a yield, typically 3% or higher annually.

Crypto staking platforms make the process easy, giving users a point-and-click interface for complex smart contracts that govern the staking and rewards functionality. This type of passive income removes the need to trade to make profits during a bear market.

Choosing the best crypto to stake requires thorough research, however. You’re locking tokens in a contract, meaning you can’t exit your position quickly if the price crashes or if you need the funds for another purpose. You’ll also want to choose a crypto you think will increase in price over the long term. A high yield of 10% will lead to a loss if the price falls more than 10%.

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Bear markets provide the opportunity to save on taxes, assuming you have trading losses. In some cases, it may make sense to sell at a loss for the tax benefit. Capital losses can only offset capital gains income for tax purposes, but the IRS allows taxpayers to carry over some losses to future years.

Crypto taxes can seem complicated, particularly if you have a lot of transactions. However, the IRS treats crypto trades much like stock trades. Trading fees increase your cost basis for tax purposes (reducing taxable profits), and you pay taxes on the remaining gain, assuming you have one. Losses can carry over to future years in many cases, reducing your tax liability when the market is booming again.

Should You Buy Crypto in a Bear Market?


A crypto bear market offers several types of profit opportunities like in traditional financial markets, but buying during a downturn comes with both pros and cons.

The primary disadvantage is that the market bottom can be difficult to identify. During the 2022 crypto bear market, traders thought we had reached a bottom countless times before reaching a final capitulation that started a recovery for cryptocurrency prices.

On the other hand, bear markets provide lower entry points for long-term investors. Increased volatility in bear markets also offers more trading opportunities. Using technical indicators such as the relative strength index (RSI) and moving averages can help identify entry and exit points for short-term trend changes, even if the long-term direction remains in a downward trend. For example, RSI can help traders identify overbought or oversold conditions, providing an early indication to exit positions or start a new trade.

Finding the best crypto to buy during a bear market presents another challenge. Ultimately, you want to choose a coin that provides short-term trading opportunities or long-term promise. Bitcoin buyers who purchased during the 2022 bear market showed a profit by mid-2024, regardless of when they bought during the market swoon.

Key Indicators to Watch During a Crypto Bear Market


Several indicators can signal market changes before real trading momentum occurs. Watching these indicators can help you get ahead of the market or understand the trading that follows. For example, moving averages can point to inflection points, letting you know when to enter or exit positions. Other popular indicators include Bitcoin dominance and RSI.

In many cases, the best strategy may be to hold until you have confirmation from more than one indicator. Low volume, in particular, can make indicators less accurate. Crypto is a good investment historically, although the crypto market’s deep retracements can make holding difficult for many crypto investors.

Bitcoin Dominance

Bitcoin dominance refers to the BTC percentage of the total crypto market capitalization. While much of the industry watches this metric closely, it shows a closer correlation with market recoveries for long-term traders. Short-term traders may be disappointed when using Bitcoin dominance as an indicator.

bitcoin dominance chart

Bitcoin’s dominance began a steady climb out of the 2022 lows as BTC recovered from below $16,000 to reach new all-time highs above $70,000 in 2024. However, the Bitcoin dominance indicator began to collapse several months before Bitcoin reached its 2021 high of more than $69,000. Rather than signal a swoon in prices, the indicator showed a more diverse market as traders found additional opportunities in other cryptocurrencies.

Strong Bitcoin rallies like the one that began in late 2022 through 2024 are often marked by increased Bitcoin dominance. However, the 2021 highs for BTC proved to be an exception. Many traders use Bitcoin dominance as an indicator of market trends toward or away from altcoins.

Moving Averages

Moving averages such as the 50-day and 200-day moving averages have long been used as a basic technical indicator for long to medium-term trades. As these two trend lines cross, they indicate buy or sell signals.

When the 50-day moving average crosses above the 200-day moving average, it signals a buy based on the upward trend. Conversely, when it crosses below the 200-day moving average, the indicator suggests selling or going short on the asset.

Because moving averages involve longer time frames, they are a lagging indicator. The market has already chosen a direction. However, moving averages do provide clarity and can also signal strength or weakness in the market’s conviction.

In the one-month chart below, you can see the correlation between the chart direction and buy or sell indicators as the 50-day moving average crosses above or below the 200-day moving average.

btc 50 200 ma chart

Relative Strength Index (RSI)

The relative strength index helps identify oversold or overbought conditions using a range indicator, typically set between 30 and 70. Trading within this range is considered normal, whereas trading below 30 indicates temporarily oversold conditions. Similarly, trading activity above 70 signals temporarily overbought conditions. In both cases, the chart is likely to change direction for a short period of time.

btc rsi indicator

However, other factors must also be considered. For example, the best time to trade crypto is during business hours in the US. Indicators like RSI that signal trades when fewer traders are active may be less reliable.

Other Technical Indicators and Tools

Dozens of technical indicators can help traders navigate crypto bear markets, including parabolic SAR, moving average convergence divergence, and easy-to-spot indicators like a “death cross” formed when the 50-day moving average crosses below the 200-day moving average.

  • Parabolic SAR: Most charting apps offer Parabolic SAR, which uses simple dots displayed above or below the chart price to indicate buy or sell signals. Parabolic SAR works best with large-cap cryptos that offer high liquidity for trading. Smaller-cap assets may have tighter supply control or greater volatility, making the indicator less helpful.

btc parabolic sar

  • Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): Moving average convergence divergence uses moving averages to signal trend reversals, although MACD signals relatively quickly. This indicator often offers clearer signals with longer chart durations, typically a year or more, making it well-suited to long-term trades.

btc macd

Traders less familiar with chart indicators can also use crypto tools to simplify the process. Crypto tools may also offer additional features not available on exchange charts.

Bear and Bull Market History in Crypto


Cryptos has seen three notable bear markets, although the earliest of these barely registers as a blip on the long-term chart. December of 2013 saw BTC begin its fall from $1,200. BTC’s price continued its descent throughout 2014, ultimately losing more than 90% of its value. However, by comparison to later bear markets, the 2014 bear market becomes difficult to spot on the chart.

2018 Bear Market

Following the 2014 bear market, the crypto market surged again. Ethereum launched in 2015, adding rocket fuel to the market. In percentage gains, ETH outperformed BTC. However, the party ended suddenly for both tokens in 2018, crashing the rest of the market as well.

btc eth chart

Similar to the 2014 and the 2022 bear markets, 2018’s long-term swoon lasted for just over a year before reaching a bottom. From peak to trough, BTC lost more than 80% of its value.

2022 Bear Market

By 2021, BTC and crypto had gained much more exposure with everyday investors. Platforms like PayPal offered Bitcoin and Ethereum purchases and exchanges had grown dramatically in both size and number.

In late 2021, BTC reached an all-time high (at that time) of nearly $70,000 before the tumble began. A year later, Bitcoin reached a bottom at about $15,500.

In all of these bear markets, a DCA strategy would have proved profitable over the long term. Dollar-cost averaging optimizes purchases when prices dip, buying more at lower prices. Investing a fixed amount buys more than four times as much BTC at the $15,500 low compared to the nearly $70,000 peak.

Cyclical Markets

One clear pattern emerges with crypto markets: cryptocurrencies are cyclical. However, the crypto market moves up (or down) much faster than traditional markets like stocks. Still, during periods in between, crypto markets often trade sideways for longer than might be expected, given the explosive growth during bull markets.

The Bitcoin Halving also plays an important role in crypto markets and their cyclical nature. On average, Bitcoin halves its mining subsidy every four years (every 210,000 blocks), reducing the new supply of Bitcoin. These halving events historically lead to higher Bitcoin prices.

  • First Halving: Bitcoin’s price at the first halving in 2012 saw the price rise from $13 to $1,152.
  • Second Halving: By 2016’s halving, BTC was trading at $664, reaching nearly $18,000 the following year.
  • Third Halving: 2020’s halving is thought to have helped propel Bitcoin from under $10,000 to an all-time high of nearly $70,000.

Anecdotally, Bitcoin halvings bode well for long-term crypto investments in Bitcoin. However, because Bitcoin often pushes and pulls the broader market, halvings may also be bullish for other leading assets, such as Ethereum and Solana.

Common Mistakes to Avoid During a Crypto Bear Market


Crypto bear markets bring some oblivious danger due to falling asset prices. However, traders often exacerbate the pain by making common mistakes. Among these are panic selling driven by emotional trading and using too much leverage. Arguably, a third key mistake is investing more than you can afford to lose, which adds to anxiety if the market turns south.

Panic Selling

During declines, it’s not unusual to see drops of 10%, 20%, or even more in a single day. These drops often result from panic selling, with each sale pushing the chart down further. However, by selling during these declines, many traders are locking in losses or missing out on future profits. For blue-chip cryptocurrencies, the price often recovers, given enough time. In some cases, the recovery is immediate.

Every low on the chart represents someone who sold last, fearing the decline would continue. Rather than selling based on fear, consider your reasons for investing and whether the reasoning merits holding. If you think the long-term opportunities remain intact, you can even consider buying more on the dips.

The Fear and Greed Index offers a powerful way to determine whether the market is acting rationally. During periods of extreme fear in crypto markets, contrarians often buy.

Overleveraging

Crypto markets offer more ways to make leveraged trades, and many trading platforms offer extremely high leverage options, sometimes as high as 125%. However, using higher leverage carries more risk.

For example, the collateral for a 100x trade can be liquidated in seconds if the price of the asset moves by just 1% in the wrong direction. In this example, 100% of the trade is lost. By contrast, in spot-market trades, the asset would have to fall to zero to lose 100% of the investment.

While leverage can be a powerful trading tool, it’s important to weigh the risks, particularly with higher leverage.

Emotional Trading

Research is key to effective investing in crypto markets. Charts provide powerful insights into trading markets, but steep declines painted in red candles often spook investors, putting carefully researched positions at risk from emotional trades.

Social media also plays a sizable role in crypto markets, with online pundits and influencers driving prices to a lesser or greater degree. Influencers with a negative take may be creating fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) to get a better entry price. FUD in crypto can wreak havoc on a chart, particularly with microcap coins.

DYOR (do your own research), and don’t take the comments made by others at face value. Instead, negative comments should be viewed as something to research for validity before acting. Patience and thorough research often pay massive dividends in crypto trading.

Preparing for the Next Bull Market


Bear markets in crypto are part of the cycle, but they aren’t permanent. Instead, they provide an opportunity to prepare for the bull market. Bull markets offer a chance to revisit your long-term strategy and crypto portfolio allocation to diversify and weather downturns better.

Bear markets also present an opportunity to research market fundamentals and understand potential hurdles. Slower trading volume provides a welcome reprieve from irrational exuberance. Many traders take this time to study sentiment indicators, which may offer contrarian buying opportunities, particularly when the market reaches extreme fear.

You can also turn bear markets into opportunities by searching for cryptos to buy during the crash. Historically, from the lowest lows of the bear market to the following peak, leading cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have increased their value several times over.

Bear markets let you plan a long-term strategy with a diversified portfolio. However, it’s important to weigh all the factors and make educated decisions rather than emotional trades.

Final Thoughts on Crypto Bear Markets


Bear markets in crypto tend to last a year or longer, with a slow start to the upward trend after reaching the lows of the cycle. While downturns can test patience, they provide an opportunity to build long-term strategies and bolster your knowledge to inform investment decisions. Stay calm, avoid emotional trading, and follow your long-term plan.

Take the quieter trading time to study crypto markets in general, including how macroeconomic conditions like interest rates and inflation contribute to price trends in crypto.

👉 Learn More: How Do Inflation, Interest Rates, and Other Economic Indicators Affect Crypto?

FAQs

What are the risks of holding stablecoins during a crypto bear market?

The primary risks associated with holding stablecoins during a bear market center on de-pegging. This happened during the 2022 bear market when UST lost its peg to the dollar. UST’s loss of value sparked a leverage-fueled chain reaction, leading to several crypto bankruptcies.

What role do institutional investors play in crypto bear markets?

Lower volume and higher volatility make bear markets a haven for price manipulation. Institutional investors, including hedge funds, can more easily manage the price of a given crypto asset by creating sell walls (limit sell orders) to force the price down further.

How do geopolitical events affect crypto bear markets?

Crypto markets no longer exist in their own bubble. Global events, including regulatory changes, can affect single assets, groups of assets, or even the market as a whole. These outside influences often create longer market swoons, adding more uncertainty to an already jittery market.

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