Are Russia’s Elite Really Using Cryptocurrency to Evade Sanctions?

Fearing Russia’s elite will evade economic sanctions by converting their wealth to cryptocurrency, high-profile US Democratic senator Elizabeth Warren has introduced a bill into US Congress to stymie Russian crypto transactions.

Warren warned a Senate committee hearing:

So no one can argue that Russia can evade all sanctions by moving all its assets into crypto. But for Putin’s oligarchs who are trying to hide, you know, a billion or two of their wealth, crypto looks like a pretty good option.

The bill does not seek to impose a blanket ban on all Russian cryptocurrency transactions. But it would give the US government the authority to ban US companies from processing cryptocurrency transactions connected to sanctioned Russian accounts, and to apply secondary sanctions to foreign crypto exchanges doing business with sanctioned Russian individuals, companies, or government agencies.

But is it even necessary?

Even though the evidence shows that Russian crypto transactions have been increasing in both number and value in the past month, the scale suggests buyers are ordinary Russians seeking to hold on to their savings as the value of the ruble crashes.

Targeting sanctions

The economic sanctions imposed on Russia for invading Ukraine are naturally hurting the entire Russian economy. Their intended target, though, is to hit Putin and the billionaire oligarchs who support his rule where it hurts most.

A cornerstone of this strategy is stopping these individuals from using or moving their wealth around by freezing the assets they hold overseas and blocking financial transactions.

But the continued operation of crypto exchanges in Russia, such as Binance, Yobit, and Local Bitcoins, has been worrying US officials for some time. Even before Russia’s latest invasion of Ukraine, the US Treasury Department warned cryptocurrencies could undermine the sanctions already imposed on Russia over its 2014 annexation of Crimea.

Ruble’s falling value

Our first graph below shows why ordinary Russians have good reason to buy cryptocurrency.

Since the February 24 invasion of Ukraine, the ruble’s value against the US dollar has fallen by as much as 40%, from USD 1 being worth 76 rubles to 132 rubles. At the time of publication, USD 1 was worth about 100 rubles.

The ruble falls off a cliff

More rubles going into bitcoin

The next graph shows the value of bitcoin transactions by Russian accounts in rubles.

Bitcoin is not the only cryptoasset Russians could buy, but it is by far the most traded and trusted of all crypto offerings, so is a useful proxy for the market. This data comes from Coin Dance, a Bitcoin statistics and services company.

Since the war began on February 24 until time of publication, spending on bitcoin using rubles has increased by 260%.

Bitcoin trading volumes by Russian accounts in rubles (weekly)

This is an impressive rise, but less impressive when the devaluation of the ruble is factored in. The weekly value of rubles being converted into bitcoin was about USD 28m last week, compared with about USD 14m in mid-February. That’s a 100% rise.

In global terms, this is still a tiny percentage of the money going into bitcoin. According to crypto data provider Kaiko, each week between USD 20bn to USD 40bn is spent on bitcoin. So the bitcoin-ruble trade represents less than 0.14% of the total.

Small transaction size

It is also important to consider the number of accounts and size of average transactions.

According to Glassnode, another crypto data service, the number of Russian bitcoin accounts has increased from 39.9m to 40.7m since the February invasion. (The Russian population is about 144 million.)

The daily average size of each bitcoin-ruble transaction – based on data from the largest exchange in Russia, Binance – has risen to USD 580 by mid-February. This compares to the average value of American transactions being USD 2,198 at the same time.

The capacity to put large amounts of rubles through crypto exchanges operating in Russia is also heavily constrained by the relatively low liquidity in Russian crypto trade.

Liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset or security – in this case bitcoin – can be converted from or into cash without affecting its market price. When a market has more buyers and sellers, it becomes easier to complete a transaction, and the less impact there is on the exchange rate. With fewer buyers and sellers, it is harder.

A measure of the liquidity of the Russian bitcoin exchanges is the value of orders submitted by buyers and sellers at any given time. This is about USD 200,000, compared with USD 22m for US-based crypto exchanges – a volume 110 times larger.

These statistics suggest anyone wishing to trade large volumes of bitcoin against the ruble will have difficulties.

Small-time investors

The evidence, therefore, points to most of the uptick in Russian crypto trading being dominated by small-time investors.

It is possible that Putin and his cronies could be using hundreds or thousands of accounts to perform many small-scale transactions to move their fortunes around.

But it’s more likely their wealth is mostly invested through shell companies in assets in places like Monaco, the British Virgin Islands, Ireland or even the US district of Delaware.

There is little argument against the strategy of using economic sanctions to combat recalcitrant regimes. Other than direct military intervention, there are few other meaningful weapons available. But a detailed analysis of any proposed sanction beforehand is needed so as to not overestimate its likely effectiveness.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.