{"id":136939,"date":"2024-12-03T14:02:23","date_gmt":"2024-12-03T14:02:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cryptonews.com\/vn\/?post_type=academy&p=136939\/"},"modified":"2025-10-14T19:40:46","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T19:40:46","slug":"what-is-blockchain","status":"publish","type":"academy","link":"https:\/\/cryptonews.com\/vn\/academy\/what-is-blockchain\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Blockchain – thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung, kh\u00f4ng do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tham gia m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trung gian nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, mua b\u00e1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3i.<\/p>

\"Blockchain<\/p>

Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn, Blockchain c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Blockchain qua Bitcoin, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Blockchain, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, vai tr\u00f2 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>

Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3?<\/h2>

<\/span>
\nBlockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng “kh\u1ed1i” th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp kh\u00f3a b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean Blockchain tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng “d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay” c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t trang trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u li\u00ean ho\u00e0n. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, b\u1ed5 sung, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a \u0111i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, Blockchain cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Blockchain<\/h2>

<\/span>
\nC\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Blockchain \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>

    \n
  1. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/li>\n
  2. Phi t\u1eadp trung<\/li>\n
  3. Minh b\u1ea1ch<\/li>\n<\/ol>

    Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Blockchain. Ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>

    1. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h2>

    <\/span>
    \nKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i (blockchain). M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/p>

    Trong blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hashing. Hash l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 checksum. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n hash c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hashing l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t hash v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hash \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>

    Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn trong blockchain, h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c trang trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed7i trang (kh\u1ed1i) ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi. Khi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m hash c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>

    Trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 blockchain la g\u00ec, “hash” \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n k\u00ea khai m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong chu\u1ed7i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt: n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hash kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo, khi\u1ebfn cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. Khi c\u00e1c hash kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 n\u1eefa, blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>

    2. Phi t\u1eadp trung<\/h2>

    <\/span>
    \nPhi t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t sang cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 “\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ngang nhau.<\/p>

    \"Phi<\/p>

    T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>

    Tuy nhi\u00ean, phi t\u1eadp trung c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ai s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01a1n tru v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft? Ai s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1? Li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 do qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau?<\/p>

    Hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. Blockchain \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi t\u1eadp trung hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i.<\/p>

    Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, phi t\u1eadp trung trong blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>

    Phi t\u1eadp trung mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0:<\/p>